Showing posts with label Ibn Saud. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Ibn Saud. Show all posts

26 September 2025

Stop the Oil – Stop the Genocide - The Moral Rot of the Arab and Islamic World

 But for the Corrupt, Client Arab Regimes, Israel’s Holocaust in Gaza Could Have Been Prevented

As Rumy Hassan, an Emeritus Associate Professor at Sussex University explains, there was nothing inevitable about Israel’s Holocaust in Gaza. It could have been prevented from the start if the Arab regimes had exercised their economic and political power to prevent it.

Saudi Arabia’s Mohammed Bin Salman, Qatar’s Al Thani clique, Kuwait’s Sabah dynasty and all the other corrupt cliques that rule the Middle East are more afraid of their own people than the imperialist powers. These Arab elites are parasites who rob their people of their wealth. They prefer to fete and fawn over Trump than insist on an end to Israel’s genocidal rampage.

One of the ways that the West has achieved domination is by playing on the divisions in Islam. They have used the Islamic religion in order to divide and rule, playing on the differences between Shi’ite and Sunni Islam.

Ibn Saud was plucked out of the desert in the early 20th century and both armed and funded by British imperialism. The austere Wahabi sect was used to attack Arab nationalism and Hussein bin Ali, King of the Hejaz. Islam was their justification for repressing their own peoples. We have seen many iterations of this subsequently.

ISIS under its original name, Al Qaeda of Iraq, was a consequence of the American invasion of Iraq. Al Qaeda itself was a product of the Mujahadeen in Afghanistan and consisted of the fighters that Saudi Arabia exported to that country at the US’s request. As Hilary Clinton admitted Al Qaeda too was a creation of the US funding all manner of Islamic Fundamentalist groups as was the Taliban (in concert with Pakistan’s ISI – intelligence agency). See Whose Monster? A Study in the Rise to Power of al Qaeda and the Taliban

Hamas are exceptional in being from the Sunni branch of Islam although originally they were intended by Israel, which supported their creation, as a counter-weight to secular Palestinian nationalism.  Netanyahu in particular made support for Hamas an integral part of his opposition to a 2 State Solution. It is because they morphed into becoming a resistance organisation that Saudi Arabia has become their bitter enemy.

In the Yom Kippur War in 1973 Egypt and Syria attacked Israel, hoping to reconquer the territories they lost in the 1967 War. After initial successes they were pushed back by Israel with the help of the US Administration under Henry Kissinger.

Egypt’s Third Army, having crossed the Suez Canal, was surrounded in the Sinai peninsula. The Americans under Henry Kissinger applied extreme pressure on Israel not to attack them.

The Arab regimes, led by Saudi Arabia, instituted an immediate halt to oil supplies. There were 50% cuts in the first week increasing after that. Oil prices rose four-fold and the United States got the message and forced Israel under Prime Minister Golda Meir to call a halt.

The same could have been done anytime during the current Holocaust if the client Arab regimes had done the same. Unfortunately the situation in the Middle East today is not what it was in the wake of the disastrous Oslo Accords that Yassir Arafat signed up to which normalised relations with the Israeli state.

Having recognised Israel the PLO gave the green light to the Arab regimes to do the same. It is unfortunate that it was the leadership of the PLO led by Fatah who paved the way for America’s client regimes in the Arab East to also recognise and normalise relationships with the Israeli state, in what became known as the Abraham Accords.

It is significant that no Palestinian faction has made the demand to stop the oil (as far as I’m aware). This disastrous attitude to the Arab masses, who hold the key to the situation, has allowed Israel to attempt to complete the Zionist project unopposed by ethnically cleansing Gaza. The West Bank is set to follow if they are successful in Gaza. Indeed it is already happening.

It is a matter of shame that the Arab masses and the working class in particular have sat idly by watching the unfolding horror in Gaza. The death of these wretched regimes is long overdue. Not only are the Palestinians experiencing Genocide and unspeakable horrors but the Arab masses also have an interest in seeing that the wealth of the region is not squandered by their rulers in the casinos of the West and in buying up prestigious parts of London and Paris.

The Arab Spring of 2011 needs completing. The key Arab regimes that need to be deposed are those of Egypt, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Jordan. The Al Qaeda HTS regime in Syria, which the West has given its full support to, should be next in line. The United States and the West are doing all they can to force the Lebanese state to disarm Hezbollah in order that Israel can have free reign to reconfigure Lebanon according to their confessional plans and no doubt begin to colonise the southern part up to the Litani river.

So far Hezbollah have rejected calls to disarm, knowing full well that if they do so they will leave Lebanon defenceless against Israeli attacks. Those, led by President Aoun, who are trying to strong arm the Shi’ite militias are doing Israel’s work for them. So far Hezbollah has refused to disarm.

All the Arab Kings and Sheiks, from the UER and Kuwait to Qatar need to be overthrown and the Arab people can then take their destiny in their own hands. Instead we saw, with Trump’s visit to the region, the Arab regimes from MBS in Saudi Arabia to the al-Thanis in Qatar fawning over Trump, a political gangster and felon.

Amazingly these regimes offered Trump trillions of dollars in arms contracts. The Al Thanis of Qatar outdid themselves in their fawning obeisance, obscenely offering Trump a new $400m presidential jet. The thanks that the Qatari Emir got was Israel’s bombing of the Hamas delegation in Doha.

Rumy Hasan’s article lays bare the fawning and treacherous behaviour of the Arab  regimes in all its gory detail.

Tony Greenstein

This article first appeared in Savage Minds, September 2025

The Moral Rot of the Arab and Islamic World

These Countries Have Been Complicit in the Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in Gaza

Rumy Hasan

Sep 21, 2025

Outside the mainstream media, there has been much commentary on the inaction of western governments regarding Israel’s genocidal assault on Gaza, many of whom are complicit, and in the case of the USA, not only complicit but a participant joined at the hip with Israel. So, when it comes to Israel, they are morally bankrupt and rank hypocrites by their complete disregard for international laws and conventions that they implore other countries, such as Russia, to follow. But there has been little comment on the role of the Arab and Islamic world—this is important because Palestinians are overwhelmingly Sunni Arabs. This article provides a small contribution to filling this lacuna.

On 11 November 2023, just over a month after the 7 October attacks by Hamas on Israel, Arab and Islamic countries held an extraordinary summit in Jeddah with the objective of discussing “the Israeli aggression against the Palestinian people” (OIC, 2023). By then, it was clear that Israel was not just going after Hamas but systematically destroying Gaza and its citizens: the commencement of genocide. The lengthy resolution (which does not have paragraph numbers; Saudi Press Agency, 2023) that was adopted on 12 November stipulates:

We decide to: Condemn the Israeli aggression against the Gaza Strip and the war crimes as well as the barbaric, inhumane and brutal massacres being committed by the colonial occupation government against the strip and the Palestinian people in the occupied West Bank, including East Al-Quds. We demand ceasing this aggression immediately.

It further states:

Inaction is considered a complicity that allows Israel to continue its brutal aggression that kills innocent people, children, the elderly, and women, and turns Gaza into ruin.

Call upon member states of the OIC and the Arab League to exert diplomatic, political, and legal pressures, and take any deterrent actions to halt the crimes committed by the colonial occupation authorities against humanity (emphasis added).

So, these two paragraphs point for the need for concrete actions to halt Israel’s “brutal aggression” and “crimes”. It further makes this commitment:

Activate the Arab and Islamic Financial Safety Net … to provide financial contributions and support — economic, financial, and humanitarian — to the government of the State of Palestine and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA).

It sets out this precondition: “The precondition for peace with Israel and the establishment of normal relations rests on ending its occupation of all Palestinian and Arab territories.”

So, what happened in the weeks and months after this summit? Pretty much nothing as no concrete actions were ever taken. Hence, no deterrence was provided and the slaughter and destruction continued. The countries which had normalised relations—Egypt, Jordan, and the signatories to the Abraham Accords (UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco)—did not rescind these. UNRWA was banned by Israel in early 2025 without a peep from the Arab and Islamic world.

The resolution makes this reference to Egypt: “Support all steps taken by the Arab Republic of Egypt to confront the consequences of the brutal Israeli aggression on Gaza. We support its efforts to bring aid into the strip in an immediate, sustainable and adequate manner.”

This was a grotesque distortion of the truth as Egypt, the largest Arab country with a population of over 100 million, has been complicit in the blockade of the Gaza strip: it has allowed Israel to control its border with Gaza, so that little aid has been allowed through, contributing to starvation and disease. Moreover, like Jordan, it ruthlessly represses public anger at the genocide. Egypt’s priority has been to ensure that it continues to receive the almost $2 billion aid from the USA each year, so adheres to the Camp David Accords and, accordingly, refrains from challenging Israel.

Leaving aside the actions of the non-state actors Hezbollah and the Houthis, since the 2023 summit, true to form, the governments of Arab and Muslim countries continued to do nothing despite the mounting toll amounting to over 200,000 deaths and injuries, the vast majority civilians, and Gaza being reduced to an uninhabitable rubble. A glaring example of their moral rot came in September 2024 when, during a meeting with the then US Secretary of State, Anthony Blinken, Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman confessed: “Do I care personally about the Palestinian issue? I don’t, but my people do …” (The Atlantic, 2024).

A further example is that of the UAE which had kept a deafening silence throughout Israel’s assault and never hinted at leaving the Abraham Accords, when suddenly, following Israel’s announcement of more Jewish settlements in the West Bank in August 2025, its foreign minister Lana Nusseibeh piped up by proclaiming “Annexation in the West Bank would constitute a red line for the UAE” (BBC News, 2025). It beggars belief that the genocidal assault on Gaza and the killings and destruction in the West Bank did not cross a red line.

Wind the clock forward by 22 months, on 15 September 2025, the Arab and Islamic countries again held an extraordinary summit—this time in Doha, Qatar. The trigger for this summit was the bombing by Israel on 9 September of premises in Doha where Hamas representatives were deliberating upon a ceasefire deal. The Qataris naturally reacted with fury; housing the USA’s largest military base in the Middle East, they felt betrayed by the Americans, a supposed ally, for not preventing the attack. They now know that future Israeli attacks are possible and will, again, be greenlighted by the Americans.

There was some hope, even expectation, that this time, the summit would agree on concrete measures against Israel. The Final Communique makes many forceful points including:

1. Reaffirm that the brutal Israeli blatant aggression against the sisterly State of Qatar, and Israel's continued aggressive practices, including crimes of genocide, ethnic cleansing, starvation and siege, as well as settlement activities and expansionist policies, undermine prospects for peace and peaceful coexistence in the region.

Paragraph 6 stipulates:

6. Support the efforts of States engaged in mediation, in particular the State of Qatar, the Arab Republic of Egypt, and the United States of America, to end the aggression on the Gaza Strip, and, in this context, to reaffirm the constructive role played by Qatar and its valued mediation efforts with their positive impacts in support of endeavors to establish security, stability, and peace …

The truth is that the USA is militarily and diplomatically assisting Israel in its aggression on the Gaza Strip and Egypt has been complicit in the blockade—hence, notwithstanding Qatar’s mediation efforts, there is no “security, stability, and peace” in the Strip. Quite the opposite.

There is as usual much condemnation and appeals to international law. Paragraph 14, however, makes a general reference to “urgent action”:

14. Reaffirm the necessity of urgent action by the international community to halt Israel's repeated aggressions in the region and to stop its ongoing violations of the sovereignty, security, and stability of States …

This is naïve and self-delusional as the “international community” (a meaningless epithet) has never taken any action “to halt Israel's repeated aggressions in the region” especially in the past two years when Israel’s actions reached genocidal levels.

Finally, paragraph 15 does advocate concrete action:

15. Call upon all States to take all possible legal and effective measures to prevent Israel from continuing its actions against the Palestinian people, including by supporting efforts to end its impunity, holding it accountable for its violations and crimes, imposing sanctions on it, suspending the supply, transfer, or transit of weapons, ammunition, and military materials — including dual-use items — reviewing diplomatic and economic relations with it, and initiating legal proceedings against it (emphasis added).

But there is no sign of any sanctions being imposed. The “supply, transfer, or transit of weapons, ammunition, and military materials” is done by western countries, above all the USA, which has shown no interest in halting this nor of ending economic relations. There has been no indication that the Arab countries who normalised relations with Israel, are reviewing, let alone terminating, these.

Paragraph 20 makes this false statement:

20. Commend the pivotal role played by the representatives of Arab and Islamic States that are members of the Security Council, foremost among them Algeria, Somalia, and Pakistan, in defending the Palestinian cause, in putting an end to the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip, securing a ceasefire …

These countries certainly argued for it, but they decidedly did not put an end to the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip and secure a ceasefire. As usual, the USA blithely ignored such overtures.

Paragraph 24 is, to put it euphemistically, economical with the truth:

… calls upon OIC Member States to exert diplomatic, political, and legal efforts to ensure Israel’s compliance, as the occupying power, with its binding obligations under the provisional measures issued by the International Court of Justice on 26 January 2024 in the case concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip.

There is no mention that the ICJ’s ruling stemmed from the initiative of South Africa—not of any Arab or Islamic country—to charge Israel for violating the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip.

So, just as in the 2023 summit of Arab and Islamic states, no concrete actions were set out in the communique of the 2025 summit for OIC members to take. With 57 member countries, comprising of an estimated 1.8 billion people or nearly a quarter of the world’s population, the Organisation of Islamic Countries boasts that after the UN, it is the largest bloc of nations. But when it comes to these countries’ co-religionists being mercilessly starved and slaughtered in Gaza, they have proved resolute in not taking any actions that could put real pressure on Israel and its backers to stop the genocide.

In May 2025, US President Donald Trump visited the Gulf states of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the UAE. While some $2 trillion of investment deals were reached, there was no mention by the Gulf leaders of Gaza, let alone their leveraging this enormous commitment, to pressure Trump to stop Israel’s assault. Qatar could also have used its personal “unconditional” gift to Trump of a Boeing aircraft valued at $400m to apply pressure but refrained from doing so. It acted as a US vassal and was rewarded by being bombed by Israel four months later with Trump’s knowledge

By wilfully ignoring a key point of the 2023 summit, Arab and Islamic countries thereby acknowledged their complicity in the genocide: Inaction is considered a complicity that allows Israel to continue its brutal aggression that kills innocent people, children, the elderly, and women, and turns Gaza into ruin.

Concrete actions that could have been taken

The most effective measure, with an immediate impact, would have been the Gulf states halting exports of oil and gas, and they could have asked other OPEC member states to join the embargo: spot prices would have shot up with governments becoming worried about the deleterious impact on their sluggish economies. There would have been inevitable anger from consumers, already suffering from high energy prices caused by the Ukraine war, and pressure on their governments to take firm measures. In turn, real pressure would likely have been applied to Israel to stop its offensive and withdraw from the Strip. This has a precedent: the 1973 OPEC oil embargo against countries that had supported Israel during the 1973 October (Yom Kippur) war.

Furthermore, they could have threatened to not follow through with investments promised to Trump with a further threat of disinvesting. This would certainly have concentrated western leaders’ minds, and the penny would have dropped that support for Israel was having a profound cost.

Another important measure would have been the annulling of all treaties with Israel: Egypt rescinding the Camp David agreement and Jordan annulling its peace treaty. True, the USA would have threatened to withdraw aid, but they could have retorted that stopping genocide is more important. The UAE, Bahrain and Morocco could have annulled the Abraham accords and so ended normalisation. The Palestine Authority could have terminated the Oslo Accords, thereby stopped being a quisling entity—and started to vigorously lobby Arab governments to take these actions, as well as lobbying western governments, especially the USA, to stop supporting Israel’s genocide and other myriad crimes.

The Arab League and OIC could have submitted a motion to the UN General Assembly similar to that of resolution 3379 of 1975 which deemed that “Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination”—this would have doubtless again been adopted. They could also have called for an annual public holiday on May 15th to commemorate the Nakba demonstrating that the Palestinians are not isolated.

Not only were these actions of solidarity not taken but there is little sign of their even being seriously considered. The ineluctable truth is that over the genocide in Gaza, the Arab and Islamic world has demonstrated a deeply set moral rot.


References

BBC News (2025) September 4, UAE warns Israel that annexing West Bank would cross 'red line' - BBC News

Final Communique Issued by Arab-Islamic Emergency Summit in Doha (2025) September 15, Qatar news agency

OIC (2023) Joint Arab-Islamic Extraordinary Summit, November 11,

https://www.oic-oci.org/

Saudi Press Agency (2023) November 12, Joint Arab Islamic Extraordinary Summit Adopts Resolution on Israeli Aggression against the Palestinian People

The Atlantic (2024) Franklin Foer, September 25, The War That Would Not End - The Atlantic

Previous articles by Rumy Hasan on Savage Minds:

The Gaza War - by Rumy Hasan - Savage Minds

Free Speech and Hypocrisy - by Rumy Hasan - Savage Minds

An Assault on Free Speech - by Rumy Hasan - Savage Minds

(3) The BBC’s Coverage of Israel - by Rumy Hasan - Savage Minds

5 September 2022

What is remarkable about Zionism’s claim to the ‘Promised Land’ is how careless they are about preserving its history

The irony of Zionism’s colonisation of Palestine is that it’s the Palestinians who are descended from the original Hebrew tribes


When I listen to spokespersons for the settlers, people like Daniella Weiss who claim that God gave the Jews the Land of Israel, that they are merely ‘returning’ home, I can’t help wondering why it is that the Zionist settlers are so careless about preserving its heritage.

The biblical landscape of the West Bank has been all but destroyed by the hideously ugly hilltop settlements that they have built. I often wonder what these Americanised Judeo-Nazi settlers would do if they ever encountered an ancient Hebrew tribesman from whom they claim descent.  Probably he’d be shot on sight as a ‘terrorist’.

Despite the claims of Zionism’s fascistic rulers, the original Zionist settlers accepted that the Palestinians were the original occupants of what they call the Holy Land. Both David Ben Gurion, Israel’s first Prime Minister and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Israel’s second President, acknowledged that if anyone is descended from the ancient Hebrew tribesmen it was the Palestinians.  Indeed many Jewish customs persisted throughout the centuries in Palestinian homes such as lighting candles on a Friday night.

According to Israeli historian Tsvi Misinai

nearly 90 percent of all Palestinians are descended from the Jews. ‘And what's more, about half of them know it,’ he says. Not only that, many Palestinians retain Jewish customs, including mourning rituals, lighting Shabbat or memorial candles and even wearing tefillin.

That is the irony of the Zionist claim to be ‘returning’ to Palestine. It is the Palestinians who have a greater claim to be the descendants of the ancient Hebrews. Most Israeli Jews are simply European settler colonists whose ancestors at some stage converted to Judaism. This is another reason why the Zionist colonisation of Palestine was always a political and racial, not religious, phenomenon. See also Clinging to ancient traditions, the last Samaritans keep the faith

The article below from Ha’aretz describes the deliberate Zionist destruction and vandalism in the ancient town of Tiberias. Tiberias was the one of four holy cities for Jews in Palestine – the others being Safed, Jerusalem and Hebron. The architecture, which went back centuries, was in many cases deliberately destroyed to erase the traces of its Arab inhabitants. Zionism represented the intrusion of the West, with all its gaudy and cheap Americanised culture, into the Orient.

A similar phenomenon occurred when Ibn Saud and the Wahabi army took over Arabia. Over 98% of the Kingdom’s historical and religious sites have been destroyed since 1985, estimates the Islamic Heritage Research Foundation in London. “It’s as if they wanted to wipe out history,” says Ali Al-Ahmed, of the Institute for Gulf Affairs in Washington. See Saudi Arabia Bulldozes Over Its Heritage and Never-ending destruction of historical sites in Mecca and Medina, cradle of Islam

The Zionist  destruction of the biblical heritage of Palestine was perpetrated by the Haganah, the Israeli army and the kibbutzim, who deliberately destroyed the ancient Palestinian villages so as to erase all trace of the previous occupants.  So ashamed are the Zionists of what they did that they still refuse to release files from Haganah’s archives from 1948. The Zionists know that contrary to the lies of people like Israeli Ambassador Tzipi Hotoveli, the Nakba is no lie.

International forces overseeing the evacuation of Iraq al-Manshiyya, near today's Kiryat Gat, in March, 1949.Credit: Collection of Benno Rothenberg/Israel State Archives 

For over a decade Israeli Defense Ministry teams have scoured local archives and removed troves of historic documents to conceal proof of the Nakba. See Burying the Nakba: How Israel Systematically Hides Evidence of 1948 Expulsion of Arabs and Secret Israeli unit hiding documents to undermine history of Nakba: Report

One day when the Israeli state is dismantled we will see the Zionist lies for what they are but the fact that Israel is reclassifying files that previously were released demonstrates that the leaders of Israel know in their hearts that their state is an illegitimate one.

Tony Greenstein

How Israel Destroyed Old Tiberias

Sitting on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, old Tiberias is full of winding streets and ancient monuments – most of which are currently in a shockingly derelict state.

The Omari Mosque in Tiberias, built in the 18th century by Zahir al-Umar.Credit: Gil EliahuMoshe Gilad

Moshe Gilad

May. 18, 2022 2:12 PM

Tiberias was once a small city. Walking the length of the Old City from north to south takes less than a half hour. This week, we took a leisurely stroll from the Zahir al-Umar Fortress to the Greek Orthodox Church on the shore. It’s a short distance, only a few hundred meters, but the sights are astounding.

An illustration of Zahir al-Umar, who was the autonomous Arab ruler of northern Palestine in the mid-18th century.Credit: Ziad Zaydany


Professor Mustafa Abbasi, a historian, pointed out the buildings that have survived in this part of the city. We saw the fortress; the administrative building built by the Ottomans known as the saraya; the building that once housed the Tiberias Hotel; the Franciscan Church; the guard towers on the remnants of the ancient city wall, the dilapidated Omari Mosque built by Zahir al-Umar (whose  name is sometimes spelled Daher al-Omar) in the 18th century and the sealed-off Al-Bahr Mosque. We saw the Etz Hahayim Synagogue built by Rabbi Hayyim Abulafia, and drank coffee on the boardwalk. We turned down two offers to sail on the lake in a boat. We bought hats at one of the shops on Hagalil Street. Abbasi chose a khaki-colored cap. Mine had two yellow pineapples on it.

The bottom line of the tour that we did: The sights are lovely and awful at the same time. Tiberias is a beautiful city that sits on the shore of a beautiful lake, but it also very neglected and unattractive. The remnants of the Old City are large structures built of black basalt, things of real beauty, but only a few remain and some are in terrible condition. The city wall was nearly completely destroyed by the combined damage of earthquakes, severe flooding in 1934, the war of 1948 and events since then. Amazing assets of the city are either, at best, totally neglected or, at worst, deliberately wrecked.

The building that was once the Hotel Tiberias. Credit: Gil Eliahu

All this happened on our watch. Just 74 years ago, Israeli sappers blew up entire historic quarters of the city that were home to both Arabs and Jews. A city rich in historical and cultural heritage was almost totally wiped off the face of the earth.

No new, attractive city center was built in its place. The streets in the center of the Old City all look terrible now. Some are appallingly rundown. Zahir al-Umar's Omari Mosque looks like a ruin being used as a dump in the heart of the city. Many shops on the main streets stand empty. An entire building on Hagalil Street is burned-out and covered with soot. Several buildings appear to be abandoned. In other streets, there are stores and coffee shops that bear the signs of poverty and neglect. The boardwalk named for Yigal Allon has been fixed up a bit, but it still not very inviting. It’s quite disheartening to see a city that is such an important center of tourism for the Galilee area look this way.

Prof. Abbasi, who has extensively researched the history of the Galilee area and teaches at Tel Hai Academic College, recently published a book in Hebrew titled “Tiberias and its Arab Inhabitants during the British Mandate Period, 1918-1948.” The book is a detailed academic historical study, but I found myself reading several chapters with bated breath. The story of Tiberias is presented from a different vantage point, one with which I was not familiar. Abbasi tells the tale of a mixed Arab and Jewish city that could serve as a model of coexistence. He also traces the story of this city’s destruction.

Some 300 years ago, Zahir al-Umar, then the Ottoman ruler of the Galilee, invited Rabbi Hayyim Abulafia, convincing him to travel from Izmir and settle on the banks of the Sea of Galilee. The rabbi finally relented, arriving with 40 adherents in 1740, and the governor assisted him in constructing the Jewish Quarter in the heart of the Old City. The quarter was surrounded by Muslim ones, and the relations between the neighbors, according to Abbasi, were excellent. This tranquil coexistence characterized Tiberias for over 200 years. The Jewish leadership, headed by the Abulafia and Alhadif families, large and prestigious Sephardi families, lived in good relations with the Arab residents, headed by the al-Tabari family, whose members served as qadis and muftis and held much property.

The walls of the Old City in Tiberias.Credit: Gil Eliahu

Thanks to the local leadership, peace was maintained during the 1929 riots that washed over the rest of the country. Twenty years later, the situation was different. Moderating influences had weakened. The Jewish mayor, Zaki Alhadif, was murdered in 1938. In Kiryat Shmuel, near the city, 19 Jews were murdered that year. The moderating forces on each side disappeared. The extremists and the militants dictated the tone.

On April 18th, 1948, after several days of battle between the Haganah underground militia and Arab forces, the British removed the Arabs of Tiberias by bus. Before that, the Old City had been home to 6,000 Jews and 5.000 Arabs. (Today, the city is home to 50,000 people, all Jews.) Tiberias, long sacred to Christians and Jews, received a sanctified status from Muslims, as well. The holiest Muslim compound in the city, almost unmentioned in advertising for the city, according to Abbasi, is a shrine to Sitt Sakina, a descendant of the Prophet Mohammed. This tomb is known today as the Tomb of Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva, and is located at the southern end of town.

Part of the Greek Orthodox monastery in Tiberias.Credit: Gil Eliahu

According to Abbasi’s book, Tiberias had become a symbol of Arab and Jewish coexistence for hundreds of years. The warm relations ended in a grand collapse, at the height of which the Arabs of Tiberias and the Jews of the Old City were forced to leave their homes. The British moved the Arabs to Nazareth and Jordan, and the Old City’s Jews were moved to other neighborhoods. The residents of Tiberias were the first Arab urban community to be removed in its entirety, and reearch shows that this happened partly because Jewish decision-making shifted out of the city, to the Haganah national headquarters.

This is how Abbasi describes this astonishing sequence of events:

“Immediately after [the removal], there began a systematic and intentional demolition of the holy Old City, which was razed to the ground. […] Such destruction was common and carried out in hundreds of Arab villages and towns, but it was very surprising in Tiberias, which was considered a sacred Jewish city, and many of its homes were owned by Jews. […] The interesting part about the destruction, in addition to the loss of valuable historical, archeological, and religious riches, was the stubborn struggle by Jews from the Old City to receive compensation. Jews who against all expectations, found themselves sharing the suffering of their Arab neighbors.”

Women walk by the Greek Orthodox Church on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, in Tiberias. Credit: Gil Eliyahu

Old Tiberias was destroyed in three stages. First, in April 1948, a few buildings were destroyed in the fighting. In June of that year, the military blew up a few more buildings, and in January 1949 massive demolition of Old City houses began.

Half the properties in the Old City were Jewish-owned, yet the authorities destroyed its ancient area almost completely, showing no regard for its holiness or history of coexistence. According to Abbasi, the demolitions were not random, but part of an overall approach toward Arab villages and towns in order to prevent the return of the Arab residents.

While the government made no formal decision to destroy the city, it provided the military and municipal authorities with the means to do so, and never tried to prevent the destruction. Government institutions displayed contempt toward the Jews of the Old City, who belonged to what was called “the old yishuv.” This contempt was expressed not only in the destruction of their homes, but also the confiscation of the land and the demand that they pay rent for their temporary abodes in empty Arab homes.

Abbasi’s conclusion is that Tiberias, to the decision-makers, was a city with an Eastern landscape or appearance. He says proponents of the destruction repeatedly described it in a similar way:

“In its appearance and narrow alleys it was, to them, a manifestation of the old, degenerate, and corrupt. This attitude was common to many in those days, and is particularly vivid in the description by senior Jewish National Fund figure Yosef Weitz. The Arab and Muslim ‘Eastern landscape’ was to them not only a danger to national security, but also an object of repugnance. To them, it symbolized the backwardness of the East, and therefore they didn’t hesitate to destroy it, even at the cost of hurting Jews.”

The former Hotel Tiberias, which was built by German Templers.Credit: Gil Eliyahu

Remains of the citadel at Tiberias which Zahir al-Umar built early in his rule. Credit: Gil Eliyahu

A street in Tiberias' Old City. Credit: Gil Eliahu

What we see in today’s today is a direct result of the destruction that took place 74 years ago. There are places in Tiberias that look slated for immediate demolition, and others where perhaps it would have been better to just not build anything. Much of what had been built simply looks bad, and that includes some of the new hotels.

History will connect us

Abbasi is one of the most optimistic people I have ever met. He believes in peace and the brotherhood of nations. He believes in the sanctity of life and a good future. When I suggest that the city was ruined by crooks, he looks at me softly and smiles patiently.

“I believe that history needs to be enlisted for compromises and not wars,” he says. “We enlisted history to exhaust and kill each other. I was born in a home that believed in the brotherhood of nations. My family ran a Sufi order in Safed, and the chief rabbis of Safed were friends of my grandfather and helped him stay in the country. History should connect the two peoples. I don’t omit the difficult points, but the question is how you present them. Tiberias and its people need to make hopeful voices heard. Let us provide hope without giving up describing what happened.”

Part of the fortress built by Zahir al-Umar around Tiberias. Credit: Gil Eliyahu

According to Abbasi, his book is unique in telling the story of the Arabs of Tiberias, who have been absent or presented as component with no weight or impact in other studies. Their absence, he says, is a perversion of history and denies answers to those seeking to delve deeper into the city’s history. In the final chapter of his book, he writes: “The main contribution of this book is that, despite its focus on the British Mandate period, it also discusses the Arab population of Tiberias since the renewal of the city in the early 18th century.”

In a conference held via Zoom to mark the publication of Abbasi’s book a few weeks ago, historian Prof. Aviva Halamish of the Open University said that historically, Tiberias’ situation was different from that of other mixed cities in the country. This was because of a number of factors: a relatively peripheral location, the Sephardic Jewish majority, Jews and Arabs living side by side in the Old City, the fact that most Jewish immigrants who arrived in the city weren’t Zionist, and mostly the fact that Arabic was the dominant language in the city, common to both Jews and Arabs. Nationalism, says Halamish, was more muted, and so relations between Arabs and Jews were closer and more relaxed.

A postcard with a photo of Tiberias taken in 1917. The Hotel Tiberias can be seen in the center. Credit: Unknown author

In 2007, journalist Dalia Karpel created a fascinating documentary film, “The Diaries of Yossef Nachmani.” The film centers on the days of conquest and destruction in Tiberias through the eyes of Nachmani, an alum of Hashomer, the paramilitary self-defense organization active in the 1910s, and the director of the Jewish National Fund office in Tiberias, who worked a great deal with the Arab population.

The film paints a captivating depiction of the change in Nachmani’s beliefs. At first, he was a proponent of dialogue and reconciliation with the Arab population, and supported having it remain in the city. He wrote lines in his diary such as: “We are widening the abyss and arousing hate. The hotheads’ urges must be restrained.” Soon after, in a total turnaround, Nachmani avidly supported the destruction of the Old City to prevent the return of the Arabs. To add to the already bizarre situation, his son, Shimon Nachmani, was one of the explosives technicians who, on military orders, blew up the Old City homes.

No one left to care for the people

A couple walks by the Sea Mosque in Tiberias.Credit: Gil Eliyahu

“I study on the micro level,” Abbasi says of his research. “From a collection of details I build a macro, and thus produce a different story than generalizations, and an overall model of history. Generalizations are the easy way to write history. I don’t set boundaries in advance. The material sets the boundaries and leads me to the story. The study of Tiberias and its Arab population is an example of a case of micro-historical research of our country.

"The history here [in the city] is written from the bottom up, through the daily life of the urban population in all its components, from the elite to the commoners, who were the overwhelming majority in the city, and in our case mostly Arabs. There were fishermen among them, farmers, builders, workers at the nearby hot springs, water vendors, women who worked in the tourism industry, drivers and coach owners, and even immigrants who came from Syria, stayed in the city and worked odd jobs. Without understanding the social

processes and the interactions between them and the local elite, it is hard to understand the city’s history.”

Abbasi says the heroes of the city, who fought tooth and nail to maintain coexistence, were Mayor Alhadif and the Al-Tabari family. Alhadif’s family came to Tiberias in the 18th century along with with Rabbi Abulafia and his disciples. Alhadif served as mayor from 1928 until his murder in 1938. When the supporters of coexistence vanished from the stage, there was no one left to care for the people.

How can Tiberias’ future be better?

The Etz Hahaim Synagogue in Tiberias.Credit: Gil Eliahu

“Tiberias can be the jewel of the Galilee. The leaders of the city need to change their thinking and connect with the Arab population in the Galilee. Tiberias flourished when it was better connected to the region, both within the Galilee and beyond the border. It was a city convoys passed through en route to Damascus. Golani Interchange was actually part of Tiberias and served as the most important junction in the country since the dawn of time.

“We should remember that Tiberias depended in the past on connections with Syria and Jordan. Until 1948, five buses left from here to Jordan every day. If there is a ‘warm’ peace with Jordan and peace with Syria, Tiberias will not remain a peripheral city.

“The Night of Bridge” – June 16, 1946, when Israeli paramilitary forces blew up the bridges connecting Mandatory Palestine with the neighboring countries – “was the night economic ties with the East were destroyed. Tiberias is a city at the edge of the East. If you’re not connected to the East, you have no economy. You can’t live in the East and revile everything Eastern.

Prof. Mustafa Abbasi.Credit: Gil Eliahu

“For a historian like me, who knows both sides well, it breaks my heart. I’m connected to the country and the religion. I have deep roots here. But when I see both sides harming each other, I feel bad. It surprises me that it is the intellectuals on both sides who either stay on the sidelines, or join the most extreme statements.

“Once there is a high dose of religiosity and nationalism, it’s lethal. National and religious zeal is destructive. We have turned nationalism into the holiest thing. To me, humanity is the center of the world, and not the nation…

 “I am optimistic because humanity is a smart creature. I believe, based on a connection to Sufism, that every human being has a divine spark. You cannot be a Sufi and hate others. The goal is to turn this into a way of life. My grandfather sat with clerics from all denominations in Safed and Jish and respected them. At prayer time, everyone went to pray to their own prophet and came and sat back down, to talk and be happy. I ask today, how did we get to such levels of hate? Our lack of familiarity has turned us into monsters. To stop that, we need dialogue and discourse.”

 

The remnants of a ruined stone tower in Tiberias.Credit: Gil Eliahu 

What is the conclusion of your book about Tiberias?

“The writing of the book lasted for three years, and what kept me strong during that time was that despite the tragic end of Tiberias, it shows the ability of its leaders to live together for 200 years and overcome crises. The local leaders were heroes because they fought against the odds. The extremists may have won eventually, but Tiberias proved that we can live together. Since the Arabs were thrown out of the city, everyone has suffered.”

Requests for the comment of the Tiberias municipal authorities to the above and as to its plans for the Old City received no reply.